An extensive photodocumentary of numerous mothballed and redundant underground military installations in Britain and France, including photographs of ROTOR sites, the Maginot Line, and Cold War sites. Also provides reports from physical visits.

17th-century kings of Ethiopia created fortifications at Gondar inspired by Portuguese design. Photographs by Janice Dennie accompany text from Harry R. Atkins, 'Ethiopia: The Land of Enchantment'.

Images and brief descriptions from Glass, Steel and Stone of a selection of major buildings from medieval to 19th-century.

Steve Howe of the Black and White Picture Place provides a guide around the Roman and medieval city wall. Map, modern and archival images with description and history, including quotations from primary sources.

Andrew Bennett provides photographs and history of coastal fortifications of four generations from 1817 to World War II.

History, plan and visitor information for this Victorian fortress outside Plymouth, UK, from the official site. Restored and owned by the Landmark Trust.

Built 1794-1803 on a five-pointed star plan. Description and photographs from National Park Service Baltimore Travel Itinerary.

The story of the sole restored coastal artillery fort from Fortress Singapore, 1874 to the present.

The Louisbourg Institute provides history, images, bibliography and visitor information for the fortified town in Canada, whose fortifications were rebuilt in the 1960s to their state in 1744. Searchable site.

Attractive, well-organised site from Industry Canada giving an interactive plan, history, archaeology and images of the reconstructed 18th-century fortified town.

Expandable thumbnail images of Aigues-Mortes, Carcassonne and Pierrefonds in France from Jeffrey Howe's Digital Archive of Architecture.

Fortresses of northwest Russia and Finland. Photographs, maps, histories, and personal observations.

An educational charity dedicated to the study of Victorian fortifications in the UK and their artillery. Includes the activities of the group, list of forts and maps and plans.

Provides introductions with bibliographies to military architecture, siege warfare, castles and Anglo-Saxon burhs. Images and information on sites including Constantinople, Masada, Shiro and Ankara.

Miniature sets, museum quality historical models, time machine dioramas and cyberamas.

An illustrated description and additional photographs by Goran Andersson of the city wall, which has 36 towers still intact.

Illustrated description from an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, of the fortress town constructed 1698-1720, designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.

The City Council of Lugo, Spain, describes the remarkably complete and well-preserved Roman town wall now a World Heritage Site. Includes history, illustrations and bibliography. [English, French, Galician, Spanish].

Peter Hibbs charts the history, construction, siting and individual history of each of the 74 English south coast Martello Towers.

Researches and records fortified sites throughout the UK. Journal, membership and news.

Includes most of the towns and cities in Europe with surviving town walls. Photographs, information.

Virtual tour of the ancient city walls provided by City of York Council.